List of pre-modern states
This article lists the many extinct states, countries, nations, empires or territories from Ancient History to the Early Modern period, grouped geographically.
Europe, North Africa and the Near East
Ancient
There were also numerous Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic Tribes.
Medieval
England
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Romano-British territories became increasingly fragmented. This was a result of the traditional system of Celtic inheritance: the realm was split amongst all sons upon a king's death. This situation was made worse after c.449 when Jutes and Anglo-Saxons began colonising the south-eastern seaboards. As Jutes and Anglo-Saxons drove further inland, remaining Celts fled to the far corners of the island. Eventually the Romano-Britons (now known to the Anglo-Saxons as "Welsh") were assimilated or driven into the highlands of Cambria (Wales) or Caledonia (Scotland). Wales and Scotland are separate from what once existed in England.>
Sub-Roman Brythonic kingdoms in England
- Dumnonia, a realm named after the Dumnonii in the southwest.[61]
- Bryneich, a kingdom in the modern day northeast of England.[62]
- Ebrauc, a small kingdom centred on York.
- Calchfynedd, a kingdom in the Chiltern or Cheviot Hills.
- Elmet, a substantial kingdom near Leeds extinguished in 616.
- Rheged, another substantial kingdom, divided into north and south, in the northwest of modern England.[63]
- Pengwern, a significant kingdom in what is now Shropshire.[64]
- Deira, a small kingdom comprising the southern part of Northumbria.[62]
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England
- Northumbria,[65] formed out of the kingdoms of Bernicia[66] and Deira.
- Mercia,[67] which absorbed the smaller kingdoms of Lindsey[68] and Hwicce.[69]
- East Anglia.[70]
- Kent.[71]
- Sussex,[72] kingdom of the South Saxons.
- Wessex,[73] kingdom of the West Saxons.
- Essex, kingdom of the East Saxons.[74]
- Haestingas, a Saxon tribe in part of Sussex.
- Magonsaete, an Anglian tribe in the hills of Shropshire.
- Hwicce, an Anglian tribe in modern Gloucestershire and Worcestershire.[69]
- Middle Saxons, a Saxon tribe in modern Middlesex and Hertfordshire.[75]
- Suthrege, the Saxons of modern Surrey.[76][77]
- Hicca, a small Middle Angle tribe in modern Cambridgeshire.
- Wreoconsaete, an Anglian tribe in the hills of Shropshire.
- Gyre, a small Middle Angle tribe in modern Cambridgeshire.
- Witware, the Jutes[78] of the Isle of Wight.
Kingdom of England[79]
Wales
Sub-Roman and Medieval Brythonic kingdoms in Wales Wales experienced a similar history during this time, although the Welsh population successfully resisted the influx of Anglo-Saxon settlers into the British Isles. The country was home to a number of princedoms until England's ultimate conquest of the region in the later medieval period.
Scotland
Sub-Roman Cumbric kingdoms in Scotland
Pictish kingdoms in Scotland
Gaelic kingdoms in Scotland
- Dál Riata, the proto-state that became Scotland. (this kingdom spanned western Scotland and northeastern Ireland)
Other
Ireland
Extinct kingdoms in Ireland Ireland during the early medieval period consisted of some two hundred tuathas or minor kingdoms, which were in turn vassals of the rulers of an over-kingdom, called a cóiced (usually translated as a portion, a fifth, or a province). The most prominent of these kingdoms were
Between the 8th and 12th centuries, various Ard Rí attempted unsuccessfully to impose their rule over all the kingdoms in Ireland. Among those whose efforts almost made this a reality were Flann Sinna, reigned 877-916); Niall Glúndub mac Áedo (916-919); Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig (1002–1014); Toirdhealbhach Ua Briain (1055–1086; and Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair (1119–1156). The last of these kingdoms ceased to exist in the early 17th century. Further Irish kingdoms included:
For further information see Irish kings.
France
Low Countries
Germany
- in historic and present-day Germany and neighbouring countries/regions
Spain and Portugal
Italy
Russia and Ukraine
- In and around present-day European Russia and Ukraine:
- Volga Bulgaria (660-1236)
- Novgorod Republic
- Golden Horde - in 1430s into Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberia Khanate, Big Horde; Russia finally became independent
- Khazar Empire (652-1016)
- Kievan Rus (860 - 12th century)
- Trubczewsk - Originally a sub-principality under Novhorod-Siversky, Trubchevsk was independent sporadically throughout the Middle Ages, in 1164–1196, 1202–1211, 1212–1240, 1378–1399, and finally in 1462–1503.
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania (-1795)
Balkan States
Category:Former countries in the Balkans
Other
South Asia
China
The many Chinese states had an influence on surrounding regions; from the Song Dynasty period alone, this includes:
A number of now-extinct states formed under Chinese influence along the Silk Road in the Tarim Basin, including:
Korea
The early history of Korea was as complex as that of neighbouring China. A number of Korean states existed on the peninsula and reached up into Manchuria before the formation of the modern state of Korea. These included:
Japan
Philippines
Vietnam
The country of Vietnam in the past was very different to the modern day. The first Vietnamese kingdom occupied only present-day northern Vietnam. In the 10th century, Vietnam began to push to the south for the next 1000 years, which was called Nam Tiến (southward expansion) in Vietnamese. It conquered other kingdoms and was split by civil war. All the kingdoms that united to form Vietnam are:
Cambodia/Laos/Thailand
Burma
Malaya/Indonesia
Pre-Columbian America
The Americas have historically been home to a number of indigenous states, civilizations and societies of great complexity. Those indigenous states that still existed by the time of the first permanent European colonizations, from the late fifteenth century onwards, were soon substantively destroyed and/or absorbed. The list below includes both those that ceased to exist before this European arrival, and those that ceased to independently function because of this impact.
In addition, there were a wide variety of pre-Inca cultures, few of which developed into organised states.
Oceania
See List of Indigenous Australian group names ivision)|territories]] that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.
See also
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